Architecture art 광장(廣場 open space) Law

open space

Architecture
art

광장(廣場 open space)

사람들이 모여 이용할 수 있도록 만든 넓은 장소. 도시에 마련되는 것을 가리키는 경우가 많지만, 농촌에서도 볼 수 있다. 기능별로 보면 시민이 모이는 집회광장, 교회 앞 등 종교광장, 장이 서는 시장광장, 오벨리스크나 조각상(彫刻像)이 건립되는 기념광장, 간편한 운동에 이용되는 운동광장, 로터리나 역전광장 같은 교통광장, 재해 때에 피난하는 피난광장 등 고유의 역할이 있지만 대체로 용도가 많고 다양한 공간이다.

Law
한국의 경우 광장은 공원시설의 하나로 명기되어 있으며(도시공원법 2 Ⅱ) 공원시설에 부속된 것만을 광장이라고 하지는 않는다.역전광장은 관리구분상 도로의 일부이고, 지하도에 있는 광장은 공공지하도의 일부이다. 또 건물의 대지 안에 만들어지는 광장이 있으며 건물 안에 편입된 광장도 있다. 이처럼 광장은 법 규정이나 명칭에 구애되지 않고 실제로는 넓은 뜻으로 이해되고 있다. 고대 로마의 광장을 뜻하는 포룸(forum)은 공개토론회를 의미하며 넓은 뜻으로 광장은 사람들에게 공개되어 어떤 상호교류가 행해지는 곳이라고 할 수 있다.

101

성당

The National Library currently

The National Library currently


Use of space in a public place, and nature-friendly environment, engineering and design
Design Kim Sang-hoon
National Library Past


The National Library currently
To the public in the country established to directly manage and operate the library.

Banpo, Seoul, location, degree PubMed Result, Korea Resources Code Center, Korea Resources lists more automation.

http://www.nl.go.kr/

Central District Court

Central District Court

Overpass
Space to move to minimize the spatial constraints were used in high-rise building.

Central District Court

Central District Court


관 (한국 복식) [冠]


관을 쓰던 역사는 매우 오래되어 고구려 벽화나 신라·백제의 고분에서 출토된 유물 등으로 보아 삼국시대에 이미 관이 사용되었음을 알 수 있다. 중국의 〈북사 北史〉·〈신당서 新唐書〉 등을 보면 고구려 사람들은 변(弁) 모양의 절풍건을 썼으며, 여기에 새깃을 달아 조우관(鳥羽冠)이라 불렀다. 그외 관리들은 '소골'이란 관을 썼으며, 이외에 백라관(白羅冠)·청라관(靑羅冠) 등이 있었다고 한다. 백제도 3세기 중엽 고이왕 때 관복제도를 제정한 것으로 보아 일찍부터 관을 착용했을 것으로 보이며, 일상적으로는 방갓(가는 대오리로 삿갓 비슷하게 결어서 만든 갓)을 이용했다. 무령왕릉 출토품인 금제관식은 왕과 왕비의 관을 짐작하게 해준다. 신라는 5~6세기에 만든 여러 고분에서 상류층의 예관(禮冠)인 금관들이 출토되었다. 우리가 현재 알고 있는 다양한 관들은 대개 조선시대에 이르러 복제의 정립과 함께 완성된 것들이다.

Supreme Court of Korea

Supreme Court of Korea

대법원 한국
한국의 재판제도상 3심제가 원칙인데, 이는 헌법상 요구되는 사항이 아니기 때문에 법률로서 2심제를 채택하는 것도 가능하지만 어떤 경우에도 최종심은 반드시 대법원에서 이루어져야 한다. 따라서 비상계엄이 선포된 경우 같은 특별한 예외를 제외하고는 특별법원인 군사법원도 최종심은 언제나 대법원을 통해야 한다.

아명 관,모자
머리에 쓰던 모자의 하나.

<법률> 우리나라의 최고 법원.

aua-architects.org

Involved in architecture. It is a high-performance, swift and efficient tool which makes it possible to abolish distances and borders and to establish a dialogue on a common platform. This website belongs to all architects of Africa. It reflects their vitality and that of the AUA member countries. Use the numerous hyperlinks to navigate and please do not hesitate to contact us. We hope that you will get all the information you are seeking and we thank you for your visit.

http://www.aua-architects.org/index.htm

This website belongs to all architects of Africa.

Involved in architecture. It is a high-performance, swift and efficient tool which makes it possible to abolish distances and borders and to establish a dialogue on a common platform. This website belongs to all architects of Africa. It reflects their vitality and that of the AUA member countries. Use the numerous hyperlinks to navigate and please do not hesitate to contact us. We hope that you will get all the information you are seeking and we thank you for your visit.

http://www.aua-architects.org/


Our Mission


The aim of the Africa Union of Architects is to create, among architects, ties based on friendship, understanding and mutual esteem to enable them to confront their ideas and concepts, share their experience, broaden their knowledge, and learn from their differences in order to better fulfill their role in the improvement of Man`s living conditions and environment.


The main objectives of the Africa Union of Architects are:

- To unite the architects of the continent on a democratic basis.
- To represent architects of African and governmental levels.
- To promote architects` creative, technical and cultural talents and the services they provide to the public.
- To defend the rights and status of architects in every country.
- To ensure the continued development of professional methods while respecting the specificity of different communities.
- To promote new technologies and encourage new ideas and concepts in architectural design.
- To promote an awareness and preservation of the African architectural heritage.
- To promote multi-disciplinary exchange between architects themselves and other professionals.
- To give the needed assistance to architects` professional structures in developing countries
- To promote architectural education and facilitate exchange among architects, students and teachers of architecture worldwide.
Our Activities


Every three years, the Aua congress brings together hundreds of architects and students of architecture from all over the continent. AUA congresses focus on a topic of current concern to the profession, highlight the issues with which the architects of Africa are faced at a given point in time, and bring to light the solutions they can provide while facilitating contact and exchange among professionals from different parts of the world and different backgrounds. The AUA General Assembly selects the host countries and cities for the Union`s congresses based on submissions made by the Member Countries interested in organizing that event. The locations are chosen three years in advance.

AUA MEETINGS, CONGRESSES AND THEIR THEMES FROM 1981-2008:

1981 Lagos, Nigeria
1982 Harare, Zimbabwe
1986 Yaounde, Cameroun- Architecture and Education
1988 Arusha, Tanzania
1989 Dakar, Senegal
1991 Gabarone, Botswana
1994 Nairobi, Kenya
1995 Nairobi, Kenya- The African Vision in the Era of Globalization
1996 Brazaville, Congo-Urban Space Management and Experience in Use of Local Materials
1996 Kampala, Uganda- Towards an African architecture in the 21st Century
1997 Tunis, Tunisia
1997 Windhoek, Namibia
1998 Durban, South Africa- Habitat and Poverty Eradication
1999 Cairo, Egypt
1999 Abidjan, Ivory Coast
2000 Grand Bay, Mauritius- Architecture and Tourism
2002 Durban, South Africa- Habitat and Poverty Eradication
2002 Tunis, Tunisia
2003 Arusha, Tanzania- Architecture and Heritage
2003 Alexandria, Egypt- Architecture and Education
2005 Abuja, Nigeria – African Urbanization
2005 Algiers, Algeria
2006 Accra, Ghana
2006 Nairobi, Kenya
2007 Khartoum, Sudan
2007 Kinshasa, Congo
2008 Durban, South Africa
2008 Alexandria, Egypt - Africa. Root and Architecture
Our Structure


In order to accomplish the mission it has set to itself, the AUA has established a structural hierarchy that allows it to maintain permanent contact with professionals and representatives, and manage their relations at an African level, in a democratic and collegial manner. The structure consists of:

THE AUA GENERAL ASSEMBLY
The AUA General Assembly is the Unions` supreme legislative body. It consists of the AUA Council and delegations from all the Union`s Member Countries. The AUA General Assembly meeting is held every three years in order to:

- Ratify the admission or exclusion of Member Section.
- Decide on the locations of the AUA congresses
- Define the Union`s triennial activity programme
- Vote the AUA general budget
- Elect the Executive Committee and Council Members.


THE AUA COUNCIL
The AUA Council consists of the Executive committee and representatives from each of the 5 AUA regions and five co-opted members, one from each region.

THE AUA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
The AUA Executive Committee consists of the President, the Immediate Past President, the Vice-Presidents, the Secretary General, the Treasurer, and the Chairman of the Board of Education, Research and Technology.

COUNCIL MEMBERS 2008 - 11

BUREAU MEMBERS POST
NAME/COUNTRY

PRESIDENT
SEIF ALLAH A. ALNAGA (Egypt)

IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT
JEAN JACQUES KOTTO (Cameroun)

SECRETARY GENERAL
TOKUNBO OMISORE (Nigeria)

CHAIRMAN OF BERT
RODNEY HARBER (South Africa)

TREASURER
MUHAMMED MUNYANYA (Kenya)

ASST. SECRETARY GENERAL
FIRDAOUS OUSSIDHOUM (Morocco)

V. PRESIDENT (WEST)
RAMA TOULAYE DIAGNE (Senegal)

Council Member for the Region
AMADOU ISSA BORE (Mali)

EVANS A. WILLIAMS (Ghana)


MAHMUD JIMOH FAWORAJA


JEAN BOSCO TODJINO (Benin) Coopted

V. PRESIDENT (EAST)
KAISI KALAMBO (Tanzania)

Council Members for the Region
ALI HAYDER (Sudan)


SHABANI MWATAWALA (Tanzania)


GIDION MULYUNGI (Kenya)


JEAN RUNUYA (Rwanda) Coopted

V. PRESIDENT (SOUTH)
HASSAN ASMAL (South Africa)

Council Members for the Region
PAUL MUNTING (Namibia)


VICTOR ANTONIO MIQUEL (Angola)


DOUGLAS KATENGO (Zambia)

V. PRESIDENT (NORTH)
KARIM ELLOUZE (Tunisia)

Council Members for the Region
HODA EL MASRY (Egypt)


AMINE TURKI (Tunisia)


JAMAL LOKHNATI (Morocco)


REDA GUELLIL (Algeria) coopted

V. PRESIDENT CENTRE
CIEPELA NGOY B. (Congo DRC)

Council Members for the Region
OKOKO EUGENE (Congo Brazaville)


MOHAMET ALHADI (Chad)

TOGNIA DJANKO (Cameroun)

CLAUDIEN MULILIWA BYANKUBI (DRC) coopted




THE AUA MEMBER INSTITUTES
The AUA member in a country is the most representative professional association of architects in that country. Each member institute is independent on a national level and, by means of its own secretariat, which is responsible to the AUA, assumes its relationships with governments, other Member Institutes and the Union itself. Through the payment of membership fees, the Member Institutes also contribute to the strength and wealth of the Union, as these fees constitute its main financial resource.
Our Publications


The AUA newsletter is an English and French bi-monthly publication. Through brief reports, it summarizes the AUA`s activities as well as those of its Member Countries, Working Bodies and partner organizations. It also contains information related to the African countries architectural works and achievement, and announces the major current architectural events worldwide and through the continent.

umar.org

http://www.umar.org/rubrique1.html


13 Pays membres


Sur les 23 pays qui constituent le pourtour méditerranéen, 13 sont représentés à l’UMAR. Les Sections nationales représentatives des architectes des pays riverains du bassin méditerranéen sont membres de l’Union.


•Chypre
•Egypte
•Espagne
•France
•Grèce
•Italie
•Liban
•Malte
•Maroc
•Mauritanie
•Palestine
•Portugal
•Turquie

UIA partners, a privileged world network

UIA partners, a privileged world network

In representing the world community of architects and promoting their activities, the UIA works in co-operation with high-ranking organisations around the world.

Intergovernmental institutions with which the UIA remains the only organisation officially recognised in the field of architecture:



UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

- The UIA is the only world organisation of architects that has formal consulting relations with UNESCO
- During its world congresses, the UIA awards the only prize for architecture granted by UNESCO, to recognise a brilliant project by a student of architecture

UN-HABITAT: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements


UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme


UNECE: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe


UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organisation


WHO: World Health Organisation


WTO: World Trade Organisation

IOC: International Olympic Committee


Non-governmental organisations with which the UIA develops interdisciplinary relations:


ISOCARP: International Society of City Region Planners

IFLA: International Federation of Landscape Architects

ICOMOS: International Council of Monuments and Sites

ISC20, ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on 20th Heritage

DoCoMoMo, Documentation and Conservation of buildings, sites, and neighbourhoods of the Modern Movement

AU, Emergency Architects Foundation


Regional organisations of architects:


ACE, Architects' Council of Europe

FPAA, Pan-American Federation of Associations of Architects

ARCASIA, Architects' Regional Council Asia

AUA, African Union of Architects

UMAR, Union of Mediterannean Architects

Climate Change

Climate Change
Our Combating Climate Change programme will help RIBA members, the Institute and its staff to play their part in tackling changes to our climate caused by greenhouse gas emissions. There are four strands that make up the Combating Climate Change programme. These are:

Setting Carbon Targets|

The RIBA believes that rapid and significant reductions in global carbon emissions are necessary to reduce climate change, and supports a minimum of an 80% cut in CO2 emissions by 2050. The RIBA's Climate Change Policy adopts the philosophy of Contraction and Convergence. The theory points towards significantly tougher international reductions in emissions, and seeks a globally equitable solution. The RIBA will be active in pushing for a fair but strong international agreement in the run-up to the UN's Copenhagen Summit in December 2009.

Climate Change Toolkits| NEW second edition now available

Architects are facing steadily tougher regulation about how energy efficient buildings must be, have ever-more environmentally aware and demanding clients, and themselves want to play their part through their work. Therefore we are providing member-focused guidance on the principles, tools and techniques necessary to design and build low carbon buildings, and adaptive, flood resilient design, and to advise clients on what is possible.

Creating a Low Carbon RIBA|

The RIBA itself causes significant carbon emissions - our activities create the need to travel, we heat and light our buildings, and each use a range of resources. We want to limit our own impact on the environment overall, and particularly to reduce our carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore we have assessed how much energy and resources the RIBA uses, what its carbon footprint is, where it comes from, and are now taking decisive action to reduce our emissions and energy use.

Campaigning for a Low Carbon UK|

Through the work of the RIBA Trust|, our Public Affairs| and Media teams, and throughout our other work, the RIBA is helping to promote greater public awareness of the climate change threat, the role buildings and design play in creating and reducing climate change. We are working together with other institutions to lobby the government and the construction industry to raise their standards and play their part to combat climate change.
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COP15 Copenhagen - UN Climate Change Conference 2009

COP15 Copenhagen - UN Climate Change Conference 2009
The outcomes from Copenhagen
In December last year, representatives of more than 180 countries from around the world met for talks in Copenhagen, Denmark, to seek a new international agreement to tackle climate change.

The RIBA was represented in the political and scientific ‘fringe’ to the conference, through our links with the Danish embassy, and helping to lead the UIA’s international activities. We were also active in engaging other professional institutes, and our own members, with the issues being addressed at the summit, agreeing a Call to Action| with a number of international architectural organisations to push for an agreement and to bolster our various national governments' own negotiating positions.

So, what eventually emerged from the discussions?

The outcomes of the Copenhagen Global Climate Change negotiations have been met with a variety of responses, from catastrophe to success. So what are we to make of the summit, and what does this mean for the future fight against global warming?

Firstly the negatives. No legally binding agreement was reached, so there is not yet a new Kyoto protocol. Neither was there agreement on the rules needed to structure international carbon markets, nor the means to enforce compliance. Such uncertainties will need to be ironed out if a workable and binding agreement is to be reached in the future.

However, keen watchers of these types of international negotiations will not have been surprised by the results of the intense negotiations. The Kyoto agreement– far less daring in its targets – itself took 6 months to complete after the initial summit. This is following the same pattern.

A step forward

There were significant positives to emerge, reflected in the Minister for Energy and Climate Change Ed Miliband's recent speech| in the House of Commons. These developments provided very welcome steps forward towards a global agreement, and reflected some interesting and unexpected alliances that emerged during the course of the discussions.

The tentative agreement that was reached - the Copenhagen Accord| - signals a significant change in the world's approach to global warming. It drew a line in the sand that environmental scientists had been pressing for over a number of years, by setting a goal of limiting global warming to 2C. It also reflected an agreed requirement for explicit and measurable pollution reduction commitments.

In addition, it contained a vital agreement on the US-lead calls for all countries to agree to verification of their carbon-cutting achievements. This begins to build the trust that will underpin any legally binding treaty.

A shift in power?

The negotiations seemed to reflect a fascinating shift of power in the negotiations. The Accord was originally negotiated between the leaders of Brazil, China, India, South Africa, and the United States. This demonstrates the 'real' politics of climate change, where the emerging giants of Asia, Africa, and Latin America are seen as absolutely fundamental to a workable solution. The 'Copenhagen 5' represent 45% of the world's population and 44% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and perhaps reflects the beginnings of a new balance of power.

But perhaps the biggest positive was that the accord was negotiated directly by heads of state, and that this allowed an agreement of sorts to be reached without unanimity – something that has held back negotiations in the past. By turning up to the negotiations, the world's leaders demonstrated their desire to tackle the issues head on, and their willingness to negotiate these issues provides a firm foundation for a full and binding agreement to be reached in 2010.

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Architecture

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Architecture (Latin „architectura“, from the Greek „arkitekton“, ὰρχιτεκτονική – arkhitektonike, from ὰρχι chief or leader and Τεκτονική builder or carpenter) is the art and science of designing buildings and other physical structures.

Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and constructing space that reflects functional, social, and aesthetic considerations. It requires the manipulation and coordination of material, technology, light, and shadow. Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing designed spaces, such as project planning, cost estimating and construction administration. A wider definition may comprise all design activity from the macro-level (urban design, landscape architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture). In fact, architecture today may refer to the activity of designing any kind of system and is often used in the IT world.

Architectural works are often perceived as cultural and political symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.